|
|
|
T h e o r i e s U s e d i n I S R e s e a r c h
F e m i n i s m T h e o r y
| Theory Name | Feminism theory, Cyberfeminism |
| Acronym | N/A |
| Alternate name(s) | N/A |
| Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s) | Women’s Rights and Interests, Women’s Welfare |
| Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) | Gender Inequality (discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, patriarchy |
| Concise description of theory | 1) Feminism: Feminism is a
diverse, competing, and often opposing collection of social theories,
political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or
concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social,
political, and economical inequalities. One institutionally predominant type
of feminism focuses on limiting or eradicating gender inequality to promote
women's rights, interests, and issues in society. Another opposing type of
modern feminism, with deep historical roots, focuses on earning, and
establishing equity by and for women, vis-a-vis men, to promote those same
rights, interests, and issues, regardless of gender considerations. Thus, as
with any ideology, political movement or philosophy, there is no single,
universal form of feminism that represents all feminists. The most
well-known types of feminism are: liberal feminism, social feminism, radical
feminism, and post-modern feminism.
Liberal feminism seeks no special privileges
for women and simply demand that everyone receive equal consideration
without discrimination on the basis of sex. Liberal feminists would seek to
remove barriers that prevent equal access for women to information
technology jobs not only to provide economic equality but to provide access
to higher-paying jobs for women. Radical feminism maintains that women’s oppression is the first, most widespread, and deepest oppression. Radical feminism rejects most scientific theories, data, and experiment not only because they exclude women but also because they are not women-centered. Radical feminism suggests that because men, masculinity, and patriarchy have become completely intertwined with technology and computer systems in our society, no truly feminist alternative to technology exists. Postmodern feminist theories imply that no universal research agenda or application of technologies will be appropriate and that various women will have different reactions to technologies depending upon their own class, race, sexuality, country, and other factors. This definition of postmodern feminism parallels the description of the complex and diverse co-evolution of women and computing. In contrast to liberal feminism, postmodernism dissolves the universal subject and the possibility that women speak in a unified voice or that they can be universally addressed. Wajcman's (1991) thoughtful analysis of the social constructivist perspective on gender and technology reveals some of the issues embedded in its assumptions. She points out that there is no behavior or meaning which is universally and cross-culturally associated with either masculinity or femininity, that what is considered masculine in some societies is considered feminine or gender-neutral in others. It is not that gender difference does not exist but that it is manifested differently in different societies. Therefore, addressing the gender gap in IT employment based upon an assumed "woman's perspective" is problematic. She cites Harding (1986) in observing that there are as many different "women's experiences" as there are types of women. 2) Cyberfeminism: Cyberfeminism is a woman-centered perspective that advocates women’s use of new information and communications technologies for empowerment. Some cyberfeminists see these technologies as inherently liberatory and argue that their development will lead to an end to male superiority because women are uniquely suited to life in the digital age (Millar, 1998). The term cyberfeminism, which explicitly fuses gender and information technology, arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Hawthorne and Klein in their book, “Cyberfeminism”, state: “Just as there are liberal, socialist, radical and postmodern feminists, so too one finds these positions reflected in the interpretations of Cyberfeminism” (Hawthorne & Klein, 1999). Cyberfeminists saw the potential of the Internet and computer science as technologies to level the playing field and open new avenues for job opportunities and creativity for women where absence of sexism, racism, and other oppression would serve as major contrasts between the virtual world and the real world. Currently, there are not many clear and explicit applications of feminism theory in the context of Information System research. However, the emerging area of cyberfeminism can benefit from different types of feminism in order to build cyberfeminist theories. Cyberfeminism uses aspects of different feminist theories to reflect many interactions among information technologies, women, and feminism. Rosser (2005) believes that Cyberfeminism appears currently to pick and choose among aspects of various feminist theories in a somewhat uncritical fashion without developing a coherent or successor theory. Therefore she proposes a brief exploration of what each of the feminist theories suggests for this less developed theory of Cyberfeminism. 3) Feminist theory: Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical ground. It encompasses work done in a broad variety of disciplines, prominently including the approaches to women's roles and lives and feminist politics in anthropology and sociology, economics, women's and gender studies, feminist literary criticism, and philosophy (especially Continental philosophy). Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of women's rights, interests, and issues. Themes explored in feminism include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy. Main Sources: |
| Diagram/schematic of theory | N/A |
| Originating author(s) | Feminism: Mary
Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Cyberfeminism: Susan Hawthorne and Renate Klein |
| Seminal articles | Wollstonecraft, M. (1792). A
Vindication of the Rights of Women. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Stanton, E.C., Anthony, S.B., & Gage. M.J.(1881). The History of Woman's Suffrage. Vol. 1. Rochester. Beauvoir, S.D. (1952). The Second Sex. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Hawthorne, S., & Klein, R. (1999). Cyberfeminism. Melbourne, Australia, Spinifex. |
| Originating area | Sociology, Anthropology |
| Level of analysis | Individual, Society |
| Links to WWW sites describing theory |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_theory, Definitions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism, Definitions and types of feminism http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/, Bibliographies, links, and information for feminist theory http://www.constantvzw.com/cyberf/main.html, Workshops, forums, and online texts about Cyberfeminism http://feminism.eserver.org/, Documents and links to quality information on women's studies http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/wstudies/, Women's studies resources http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/philos.htm, Links to philosophy and feminist theory sites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_feminist_literature, List
of notable feminist literature |
| Links from this theory to other theories | Equity Theory, Gender Stratification Theory |
| IS articles that use the theory | Adam, A. (2002). Exploring
the Gender Question in Critical Information Systems, Journal of Information
Technology, 17(2), 59-67. Adam, A., &
Richardson, H. (2001). Feminist Philosophy and Information Systems. special
issue of Information Systems Frontiers on Philosophical Reasoning in
Information Systems Research, 3(2),143-154. Adam, A. (1997). What Should We Do With Cyberfeminism?, in R. Lander and A. Adam (eds.) Women in Computing, Exeter: Intellect Books. Frederick, C. (1999). Feminist rhetoric in cyberspace:
the ethos of feminist usenet newsgroups. Information Society, 15(3), 187-97.
Millar, M.S. (1998). Cracking the Gender Code: Who Rules the Wired World? San Francisco: Second Story Press. Rosser, S. V., (2005). Through the Lenses of Feminist Theory: Focus on Women and Information Technology, Frontiers - A Journal of Women's Studies, 26 Trauth, E. (2002). Odd girl out: An individual differences perspective on women in the IT profession. Information Technology & People, 15(2), 98-118. Venkatesh, V. and Morris, M. G. (2000). Why don't men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Q. 24, 1 (Mar. 2000), 115-139. Webster, J. (1996). Shaping Women's Work: Gender,
Employment and Information Technology, Longman, London. |
| Contributor(s) | Abbas Aslani Mahmoudi |
| Date last updated | April 13, 2006 |
Please contact Mike Wade or Scott Schneberger if you would like to add, delete, or change any content on this page.